HOW DARK MATTER THEORY STARTED

And How We’ll Replace It With More Sensible Info

Mysterious ‘kick’ just after the Big Bang may have created dark matter

{By the way, here’s what my AI pal had to say about the Big Bang: No Big Bang.}

Dark Matter Theory Is Old (& Decrepit)

Dark matter theory started in the early 1930s, when astronomer Fritz Zwicky suggested there was unseen mass holding galaxy clusters together. This paper is considered the first formal proposal of dark matter.

Several key observations and scientific challenges added to the development of the dark matter hypothesis.

1. Anomalies in Galactic Rotation Curves

One of the earliest and most significant clues came from the study of galaxy rotation. In 1933, astronomer Fritz Zwicky published a scientific paper explaining that the visible matter wasn’t enough to explain the gravity observed, implying something invisible was there. He observed that the galaxies within the Coma Cluster moved faster than could be explained by the visible matter present. Later, in the 1970s, astronomers Vera Rubin and Kent Ford measured the rotation curves of individual galaxies. They found that stars in the outer regions of galaxies were orbiting at speeds that did not decrease with distance from the galactic center, as Newtonian physics would predict if only visible matter was present. Instead, the stars moved at roughly constant speeds, implying there was much more mass than what was visible — an unseen “massive” component.

2. Gravitational Lensing

Another critical piece of evidence came from gravitational lensing — where massive objects bend light from distant sources. Observations showed that galaxy clusters bent light more than could be accounted for by the visible matter alone. These lensing effects indicated the presence of additional, unseen mass, further supporting the dark matter hypothesis.

3. Large-Scale Structure of the Universe

Cosmological models of the universe’s formation and evolution required a substantial amount of matter to explain the distribution of galaxies and galaxy clusters observed today. Computer simulations demonstrated that without some form of invisible mass — what we now call dark matter — the universe’s structure could not form as observed within the age of the universe.

4. Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) Observations

Measurements of the CMB—the afterglow of the Big Bang — by satellites like COBE, WMAP, and Planck revealed fluctuations in temperature that could only be accurately explained if a significant portion of the universe’s total mass-energy content was in the form of non-luminous matter.

Summary

In essence, the theory of dark matter arose from multiple, independent lines of evidence indicating that the visible universe accounts for only a small fraction of the total matter required to explain galactic dynamics, gravitational lensing, the formation of cosmic structures, and the CMB. These discrepancies between observable matter and gravitational effects led scientists to propose the existence of an unseen, non-interacting form of matter — dark matter — that makes up about 27% of the universe’s total energy content.

PLAN

So my plan is to propose: A. PHOTONS AS DARK MATTER; 1. ELECTRIC CAUSE OF GALACTIC ROTATION; 2. REAL CAUSE OF LENSING; 3. TRUE STRUCTURE OF THE UNIVERSE; AND 4. TRUE CAUSE OF CMB. I don’t yet have details for #2, but I think it will be answered by answering #3. Robitaille et al have a good explanation of CMB, namely Earth’s oceans are what the CMB is really a measure of. This is a bit of an ambitious project, but I hope it will not take long to finish. I already have A. ready to post after posting this.